The valve is a species complex, involving many categories, with the large volume of products, its quality, high technical level Low directly affects the development of national economic sectors. Therefore, the valve requires strict control of quality。Some valves need international authority approval, in order to open the market. For example, some power engineeringValves, valve nuclear power to get ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers ) of the approval mark people can be purchased.ASME is currently using" N"," Nv"," NPT" and other five markers. Petroleum industrial valves to getAmerican Petroleum Institute" API" mark, in order to open the market.
2、International valve industry status
As foreign class representative of the rapid development of industry, valve industry has developed very fast. People of about 50Before the 1980s, many countries have formed an independent professional valve and its industry system, the valve industry organizationOr valve professional academic organization. For example: two Euro, American, British, Japan has valve industry association;Industrial valves and valve of Europe and the former Soviet Union; pneumatic valve. The design and research institute. These valves.Industry and professional organizations, all is in order to improve the production technology and the need of foreign competition and the formation of. Several main To industry of developed countries at present the valve industry composition is as follows.
2.1Valve industry worker number ( in 1990)
The United States has 77500 workers, including workers accounted for 70%, science and technology and management staff accounted for 30%; UK 80000 The German people;52500 people;35000 Japanese people; Italy l5000;11519 french.
2.2Valve manufacturing company number
The United States900, enterprise with the largest number 3500; Japan's 1507largest enterprises, number 900; Germany 450 Home, the largest enterprise number 3300; UK490, enterprise with the largest number 1100; France400, maximum Company number 1000;
Thus, the valve manufacturing enterprises is the largest number of Japan, the number of workers the most is the United states. Japan Valve industry workers in the United States only 1/2, while the total number of enterprises nearly two times that of the United states. Compared with the United States of america,Japan valves industry in small in most cases, larger enterprises are about 250. Since entering 80 age, world valveThe number of staff and workers in industry are the same degree of reduction, and reduce the rate of the most people is French, from 80 time The21000were reduced to80at the end of the year (1988)1l519.
2.3Valve output ( in 1990)
The United States $10740000000
German Mark of 7958000000 Germany
484143000000 Japanese Yen
Method of graphs about6100000000 francs (1987)
British 601000000 pound (1986)
2.4Valves international trade
The international valve market in recent years is very active, competition is intense. Strong German forces And the United States of america. Germany is the world's largest valves exporter. In 1985 the Italian people and valve trade over USA, ranked second.
In 1987 the industry developed the valve total import and export volume accounted for: Germany 22.2%, Italy10.9% l6.5%, the United States, Japan l0.7%, France 9.7%. In 1985the world's top eight valve import and export trade volume ranked as follows: Germany 2739.8million German Mark, intended to benefit people2l27.5million German Mark, the United States1833.I million German Mark, Japan1683.5 millions of German Mark, France1545.7 millions of German Mark, British l376.7million German Mark.
3、Foreign valve industry technical level
3 ．1 Complete level
For over 20 years, with the development of large-scale sets, appeared a series of new equipment and stand-alone. Associated with the valve model complete sets of equipment development is characterized by a large, tall parameter, high performance automation and complete sets of.
Refinery equipment: the largest oil refinery in 36400000 t/ years ( Caribbean Virgin Islands ),30000000t/ ( Venezuela). At present 20000000 t/ years refinery has nearly thirty.
The largest unit of refinery processing capacity:24000000 t/ years of atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit, catalytic cracking unit in 8240000 t/ years, reformer,5690000t/,3200000t/ years of hydrocracking unit.
Oil, gas pipeline equipment: in recent years, long distance pipeline development quickly. The main reason is the low cost, only the equivalent of the1/3railway transportation; two is buried in the ground, not easy to damage; the three is the pipeline construction speed, saving investment.
The longest oil pipeline4830km ( Iran) and 4665 Km ( the former Soviet Union, the friendship line ). The longest oil pipeline transportation of4578km ( the United States, Houston and New York ).
The long gas pipeline 7680km ( from Alaska to the United States by the Canadian West ).
Maximum diameter of the pipeline1620and2500.
The highest pipeline pressure of 9～ 12MPa.
Synthetic ammonia equipment: a maximum of 540000 t/ and 500000t/ years.
Ethylene equipment: maximum capacity of 500000t/ to 800000t/.
Power plant unit capacity: maximum biaxial fire motor group L30million kW ( American, Swiss ), uniaxial thermal power units 1200000kW ( former Soviet Union ), the largest nuclear power unit1300000 kW ( Germany)
With the complete sets of equipment supporting the valve maximum diameter and maximum pressure: the largest flat gate valve diameter1620mm,2000 and3050 roll ( the United States, Japan ); the largest butterfly valve size9750mm ( British packet design company, Swiss made ); maximum valve diameter3050mm, not driving device weight184t ( Swiss made, the United States of America Tennessee State ): the maximum water valve diameter2750mm,9MPa ( Japan ).
Equipment large-scale economic effect: To sum up, one is to improve the production efficiency, reduce capital investment is two, three is to reduce raw material consumption.
The annual handling capacity of 5000000T and 1000000 T compared to oil refining equipment, every T product investment in production capacity reduced to 50%.
A6000000t/ refinery and two3000000 t/ year refinery, investment is only equivalent to69% of the latter, the steel consumption of 53%, covers an area of 54%, the production cost is 75%, and the labor productivity is increased to l70%.
With an annual output of 200000t ammonia equipment consumption per ton of product for1450kw/h, built with an annual output of 460000t unit consumption per ton of product decreased to 50kw/h. Only the equivalent of 200000Grade T device power consumption1/29.
600000 kW generating unit and the200000unit, equipment unit power cost decreased by 10%～ 20%, power plant construction costs, unit power, steel consumption and manufacturing time reduced by 20%.
Complete sets of equipment automation level, foreign petrochemical enterprise main production process has been realized direct digital control, some have also realized the computer control. Ethylene urea, ammonia, synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber and synthetic plastics and other chemical enterprises realizing itinerant detection, alarm, some to realize closed loop control and local optimal control. More than 200000 kW large generating units generally to computer control development. Nuclear power plant is commonly used in computer control. Long distance pipeline system, many countries are controlled by a computer, and a microwave communication system, master control room only 2-3personnel on duty. Through the TV monitor all work.
These complete sets of equipment control mode are also compatible with the requirements of the valve. So, come nearly 20 years, the control means of foreign valve also has very great progress. In addition to the general motor, electric, manual, pneumatic, hydraulic transmission, hydraulic linkage, gas-liquid even, automatic control valves varieties continued to increase, and the trend of further development.
3 ．2 Series of varieties of level
With the various types of complete sets of equipment, process and performance improvement, foreign valve series of varieties is increasing, in recent years there has been a lot of new varieties of valves. Such as: emergency shut-off valve, rapid switch valve, fire valve, static control valve, pressure reducing valve, butterfly check valve, pressure relief valve, vacuum jacketed valve, water cooled or air cooled valve, safety valve, safety valve and so on many kinds of new valves, which in general valve ball valve, butterfly valve, flat gate valve is20 years to develop the quickest valve variety.
